Summarize Written Text (SWT)
در این قسمت از تسک رایتینگ PTE Academic باید خلاصه متن داده شده ( از 1 تا 4 پاراگراف) در قالب فقط یک جمله بین 5 تا 70 کلمه نوشته شود. هدف از این تسک خلاصه کردن موضوع ، استفاده از جملات متنوع و ارتباط دادن آنهاست که در این راستا, آشنایی کامل و استفاده از اصول گرامری زیر الزامیست:
- Complex sentence
- Compound sentence
- Parallel structure
جهت کسب توضیحات بیشتر در خصوص ساختار گرامری فوق بعنوان مثال میتوانید به سایت زیر مراجعه کنید:
http://www.grammar-monster.com/grammar_terms_and_definitions.htm
اکنون با در نظر گرفتن حداکثر زمان 10 دقیقه ای این تسک , شروع به خواندن سریع متن نموده و در هر پاراگراف فقط بدنبال جمله ای بگردید که بصورت مستقل و بدون وابستگی به هر اطلاعات دیگری از آن پاراگراف قابل استنتاج باشد. در این راستا از انواع مطالب زیر در متن داده شده بطور کامل صرف نظر کنید:
- مثالها
- شرح حال
- جزئیات
- نقل قول
- اسامی و اماکن
- پست و سمت افراد
- جزییات آماری
- هر گونه اطلاعات توصیفی
بنابراین و با در نظر گرفتن موارد مذکور , در هر پاراگراف فقط باید بدنبال ایده اصلی بگردید .البته ممکن است در یک پاراگراف اصلا ایده خاصی بیان نشده باشد ولی در پاراگرافهای بعد یا پاراگراف آخر به جملات مورد نظر خواهید رسید. در پایان، جملات استخراح شده را بکمک ساختارهای گرامری فوق بهم مرتبط کنید.
استفاده از علامت ; به هیچ عنوان توصیه نمی گردد چون با توجه به نوع کاربرد آن، پیوستگی نوشتار از بین رفته و بشدت منجر به کسر نمره میگردد.
توجه داشته باشید که امکان کپی کردن از صورت سوال در هیچ بخشی از امتحان وجود نداشته و ضمنا امکان Copy , Paste و Cut در تمام آزمون فقط از جواب مربوطه به همان سوال مقدور خواهد بود.
در نظر داشته باشید که نوشتن پاسخ طولانی اصلا ضامن کسب نمره بالا نمی باشد، بنابراین اگر در حد 40 کلمه نوشتید و همچنان فرصتی داشتید ، از وقت باقیمانده برای بررسی مجدد ، پارافریز کردن یا نوشتن کلمات مترادف استفاده کنید.
در 3 مثال زیر، جملات اصلی متن هایلایت شده و در پایان، نمونه پاسخ نیز با در نظر گرفتن همان جملات و ضمنا پارافریز کردن یا استفاده از کلمات مترادف نوشته شده است:
Example 1 : AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS FOOD
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its indigenous ingredients, the foods that are native to this country. ‘There can be little doubt that using an indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian’, notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification, Cherikoff states that ‘A uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this country’, although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as national symbols relies more upon their association with ‘nature’ and geographic origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the lack of justification for the premise that national dishes are, of necessity, founded on ingredients native to the country—after all, Italy’s gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous tomato, Thailand’s to the non-indigenous chili—the reality is that Australians do not eat indigenous foods in significant quantities. The exceptions are fish, crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and lakes, most of which are unarguably unique to this country. Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts today at promoting and encouraging the consumption of native resources, bush foods are not harvested or produced in sufficient quantities for them to be a standard component of Australian diets, nor are they generally accessible. Indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalised.
Sample Answer:
In Australia, culinary search is tied with indigenous and native foods, however, except for unique sea foods of country, Australian do not consume native foods very much as those food types are insufficient in quantity and not generally accessible for all, in comparison with others that reimported and naturalizes.
Example 2 :UPPER PALAEOLITHIC PEOPLE
The ways of life of Upper Palaeolithic people are known through the remains of meals scattered around their hearths, together with many tools and weapons and the debris left over from their making. The people were hunter-gatherers who lived exclusively from what they could find in nature without practising either agriculture or herding. They hunted the bigger herbivores, while berries, leaves, roots, wild fruit and mushrooms probably played a major role in their diet. Their hunting was indiscriminate, perhaps because so many animals were about that they did not need to spare pregnant females or the young. In the cave of Enlene, for example, many bones of reindeer and bison foetuses were found. Apparently, Upper Palaeolithic people hunted like other predators and killed the weakest prey first. They did, however, sometimes concentrate on salmon runs and migrating herds of reindeer.
Contrary to popular beliefs about 'cave men', Upper Palaeolithic people did not live deep inside caves. They rather chose the foot of cliffs, especially when an overhang provided good shelter. On the plains and in the valleys, they used tents made from hides of the animals they killed. At times, on the great Russian plains, they built huts with huge bones and tusks collected from the skeletons of mammoths.
(Men hunted mostly with spears; the bow and arrow was probably not invented until the Magdalenian period that came at the end of the Upper Palaeolithic. Tools and weapons, made out of wood or reindeer antlers, often had flint cutting edges. Flint knappers were skilful and traditions in flint knapping were pursued for thousands of years. This continuity means that they must have been carefully taught how to find good flint nodules and how to knap them in order to make knives, burins (chisel-like tools) or scrapers, which could be used for various purposes.)
Sample Answer:
The lifestyle of Upper Palaoelithic people are known via remain of meal and debris left over from their hunting, besides, they lived in foot of cliffs and hunted mainly with spears made out of wood or reindeers antlers.
Example 3: GREENHOUSE GASES
When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hair spray, greenhouse gases are produced. In economic terms, this creates a classic negative externality. Most of the costs (in this case, those arising from global warming) are borne by individuals other than the one making the decision about how many miles to drive or how much hair spray to use. Because the driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activity but suffers only a part of the cost, that individual engages in more than the economically efficient amount of the activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels the problems that occurs when someone smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or litters the countryside with fast-food wrappers. If we are to get individuals to reduce production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate, we must somehow induce them to act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The two most widely accepted means of doing this are government regulation and taxation, both of which have been proposed to deal with greenhouse gases.
Sample Answer:
People produce greenhouse gases while driving their vehicle, warming up their homes or using aerosol hair which creates negative classic externality in term of economic, so in order to reduce greenhouse gas to an efficient rate, we must utilize government rules and taxation as two main proved ways.
جهت نمونه های دیگر این سوال به بخش "دانلود و لینکهای مفید" مراجعه کنید.
آموزش رایگان PTE Academic